The zaire ebolavirus was responsible for the outbreak that started in west africa in 2014. Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution during seven months in sierra leone graphical abstract highlights d in sierra leone, transmission has primarily been withincountry, not betweencountry d infectious doses are large enough for intrahost variants to transmit between hosts d a prolonged epidemic removes deleterious mutations from. People can get evd through direct contact with an infected animal bat or nonhuman primate or a sick or dead person infected with ebola virus. Early in the epidemic, genome sequencing provided insights into virus evolution and transmission and offered important information for outbreak. As the virus spreads through the body, it damages the immune. Ebola virus disease evd outbreak was confirmed in liberia on march 31st 2014. The disease is introduced into the human population via close contact with the blood, bodily secretions, organs or other fluids of infected animals.
Although there were cases introduced into other continents, africa is the endemic. Early detection, rapid patient isolation, contact tracing, and the ongoing vaccination programme should sufficiently control the outbreak. The most common species of ebola virus responsible for outbreaks is the zaire ebolavirus, the second most common species being the sudan ebolavirus. The viruses that cause evd are located mainly in subsaharan africa. Routine care was delayed in 27% of hospitals evaluating patients for ebola. Hybrid information networks, an integration of both hierarchical and formalized command controldriven and communitybased, or ad hoc emerging networks, could assist in improving public health responses. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease uptodate.
Introduction to ebola virus disease world health organization. A response comprising of diverse expertise was mobilized and deployed to the country to contain transmission of ebola and give relief to a people already impoverished from protracted civil war. Early in the epidemic, genome sequencing provided insights into virus evolution and transmission and offered important information for outbreak response. The forecast of the number of cases does not exceed the current capacity to respond if the.
The first cases of ebola virus infection were reported in zaire now known as the democratic republic of the congo in 1976. A total of 11,296 cases, including confirmed and probable cases were reported 5. On 1 august 2018, the tenth ebola outbreak was declared in the drc, only a few days after the prior outbreak in the. Ebola virus is named after a small river in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo, drc where the first evd outbreak occurred in 1976. From october through october 19, 2014, ebola consumed 80% of hospital epidemiology time and only 30% of routine infection prevention activities were completed. On march 2014 the who notified the outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in guinea, and infection quickly spread to another west african countries including sierra leone, liberia and nigeria. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease will be presented here, including knowledge that emerged during and after the west african epidemic of ebola virus disease. Infection with ebola virus in africa has occurred through the handling of infected gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, fruit bats, forest antelopes and porcupines. There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. Ebola virus disease evd is a lifethreatening viral disease with a fatality rate ranging from around 30% to 90%.
Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution during. The ongoing ebola virus outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo has similar epidemiological features to previous ebola virus disease outbreaks. Ebola ebo subtype reston ebor virus was originally discovered in the united states in 1989 in association with an outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever among cynomolgus monkeys macaca fascicularis exported from the philippines. People become infected with ebola virus through contact with infected wild animals or contact with blood or body fluids urine, feces, saliva, sweat, vomit, breast milk, and semen of infected humans. Epidemiology and risk factors for ebola virus disease in. The first evd outbreak was reported in the 1970s in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo. It most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola hemorrhagic fever is a rare and often deadly illness caused by the. This virus was formerly known as the hemorrhagic fever. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of this disease are discussed elsewhere. Evd is characterized by the sudden onset of fever and malaise, usually accompanied by myalgia, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain 4. The evd epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characterization will be discussed in this study. Ebola virus disease evd is a rare and deadly disease in people and nonhuman primates. The first evd outbreak was reported in the 1970s in zaire now the democratic.
Ebola virus disease ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate of up to 90%. The virus was first discovered during an outbreak dated back to the year 1976. Epidemiology of epidemic ebola virus disease in conakry. The virus obtained its name from the ebola river in africa. Limited evidence is available on pediatric disease course and prognosis. Ebola ebola virus disease fact sheet what is ebola virus disease. Epidemiological and surveillance response to ebola virus. Since the first report of evd in march 2014, the number of cases has increased rapidly, with the fatality rate of 50%. Ebola virus infection epidemiology bmj best practice. Ebola outbreaks have occurred sporadically since initial recognition in 1976. The first cases were recorded in guinea in december 20. Since ebolaviruses were first identified in 1976 appendix, over 20 known outbreaks of ebola disease have been. The 202015 ebola virus disease evd epidemic is caused by the. As less than 5% of the drcs 59,000km network of roads are usable, the expansion of covid19 to rural provinces may be slow.
In this article, we present an overview of the pathogen, its epidemiology and transmission, clinical and laboratory manifestations, treatment and infection control procedures, with an emphasis on what is known about ebola virus disease in the pediatric population. Case definition recommendations for ebola or marburg virus. Who compiled an updated summary of the global epidemiology of zika virus transmission. The outbreak started in guinea and rapidly spread to liberia and sierra leone, claiming thousands of lives. Ebola ebola virus diseases ebola hemorrhagic fever epidemiology diagnosis. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate of up to 90% caused by ebola virus, a member of the filovirus family. Ebola virus disease who regional office for africa. Clinical presentation and management of severe ebola virus disease. The virus is a member of the filoviridae family genus ebolavirus. The west african 2014 ebola outbreak has highlighted the need for a better information network. The ebola virus disease is an epidemic that has returned to claim more lives than one can count.
By filling the missing gaps with social media use, the public health response could. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease will be. It was first reported in march 2014, and was the largest outbreak since the virus was first discovered in. Team whoer, aylward b, barboza p, bawo l, bertherat e. The most prevalent ebola virus belongs to the species of zaire ebolavirus, with a fatality rate as high as 90%. Subsequently, 4 other episodes of ebor virus infection among monkeys imported from the philippines have occurred in the united states and italy between. People can get evd through direct contact with an infected animal bat or nonhuman primate or. In march 2014, an outbreak of evd was recognized in guinea which would become the most significant outbreak of haemorrhagic fever in africa to date.
Forest fruit bats are regarded as the principal reservoir and may be eaten directly. The virus causing this outbreak, the zaire ebolavirus ebov, belongs to the genus ebolavirus which together with the genus marburgvirus forms the family of the filoviridae. Ebov is one of the most virulent pathogens among the viral haemorrhagic fevers, and case fatality rates up to 90% have been reported. Ebola virus disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management abstract. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ebola virus disease are discussed elsewhere. The western african ebola virus epidemic 202016 was the most widespread outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in historycausing major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region, mainly in guinea, liberia and sierra leone. Over the past 40 years, sporadic ebola virus disease evd outbreaks have occurred mostly in the central african region. The continued accumulation of epidemiologic data has advanced our understanding of zika. Five distinct species of ebola virus have been isolated from various epidemics, mainly in african countries, with the exception of the reston virus that originated in. The outbreak of ebola virus disease evd continues to spread through west africa. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola hemorrhagic fever is a rare and often deadly illness caused by the ebola virus.
We describe the epidemiology of evd cases reported in guineas capital, conakry, and 4 surrounding prefectures coyah, dubreka, forecariah, and kindia, en. Ebola virus disease, viral haemorrhagic fever, filovirus. Ebola virus, the prototype virus of the genus, was first detected in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo in 1976 and is the virus responsible for the current outbreak in west africa. Emerging outbreaks such as the 2014 ebola virus disease evd is a severe, often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Pdf the ebola virus disease is a zoonotic, acute viral syndrome which occurs by infection with one the strains of the ebola virus. Ebola virus is characterized by high lethality, high infectivity, and lack of effective treatment or prophylaxis. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the studies linked with 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa. See epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease and treatment and prevention of ebola virus disease. Guinea, liberia, nigeria, senegal and sierra leone. The 201819 ebola epidemic the democratic republic of the.
Ebola virus is the pathogen of evd, which is mainly endemic in west africa. The biology of the ebola virus, and the epidemiology and routes of transmission of evd are now well known 1,2. Agents of ebola virus disease or viral hemorrhagic fever include four main viral families filoviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses. Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution during seven months in sierra leone. Case definition recommendations for ebola or marburg virus diseases as of 09 august 2014 1. The ebola virus disease outbreak in zaire yambuku started in late 1976, and was the second outbreak ever after the earlier one in sudan the same year.
We describe the epidemiology of evd cases reported in guineas capital, conakry, and 4 surrounding prefectures coyah, dubreka, forecariah, and kindia, encompassing a full year of the epidemic. Until 20, most outbreaks occurred in the central africa region, including zaire, sudan and uganda. People at higher risk of infection include healthcare workers, family members or others who have close contact. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in the democratic republic. The illness affects humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees the disease was first identified in 1976 in two. In 2014, ebola virus disease evd in west africa was first reported during march in 3 southeastern prefectures in guinea. The 202015 ebola virus disease evd epidemic is caused by the makona variant of ebola virus ebov.
1185 98 20 486 1432 1328 793 883 489 317 911 1207 1174 1013 1543 971 295 1217 519 743 390 957 935 728 1420 388 870 858 690 618 1263 514 1360 1162 29 117 1251 1302 765 959 869 550 218 741 1216 636 846 159